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High dynamic range imaging

Example

Photographs

4 stops

2 stops

+2 stops

+4 stops

Merged to HDR then reduced to LDR

Simple contrast reduction

Local tone mapping

Photography

Main article: Dynamic range#Photography

In photography, dynamic range is measured in EV differences (known as stops) between the brightest and darkest parts of the image that show detail. An increase of one EV or one stop is a doubling of the amount of light.

Dynamic Ranges of Common Devices

Dynamic Ranges of Common Devices

Device

Stops

Contrast

Computer LCD Display

9.5

700:1

DSLR camera (1Dmk2)

11

2048:1

Print film

7

128:1

High-dynamic-range photographs are generally achieved by capturing multiple standard photographs, often using exposure bracketing, and then merging them into an HDR image. Digital photographs are often encoded in a camera's raw image format, because 8 bit JPEG encoding clips the camera's possible dynamic range (and also introduces undesirable effects due to the lossy compression).

Any camera that allows manual over- or under-exposure of a photo can be used to create HDR images.

Some cameras have an auto exposure bracketing (AEB) feature with a far greater dynamic range than others, from the 3 EV of the Canon EOS 40D, to the 18 EV of the Canon EOS-1D Mark II.

The Pentax K-7 DSLR has an HDR mode which captures an HDR image and then outputs (only) a tone-mapped JPEG file.

Dynamic range for each ISO setting of the 1Dmk2

ISO

Dynamic Range (Stops)

50

11.3

100

11.6

200

11.5

400

11.2

800

10.7

1600

9.7

3200

8.7

Mathematics

Contrast ratio = 2(EV difference)

EV difference = log2(Contrast ratio)

The fact that an increase of 1 EV indicates a doubling of light means that EV is often represented on a base-2 logarithmic scale.

The human perception of brightness is well approximated by a Steven's power law, which over a reasonable range is close to logarithmic, as described by the Weberechner law, which is one reason that logarithmic measures of light intensity are often used.

Representing HDR images on LDR displays

Contrast reduction

HDR images can easily be represented on common LDR devices, such as computer monitors and photographic prints, by simply reducing the contrast, just as all image editing software is capable of doing.

Clipping and compressing dynamic range

Scenes with high dynamic ranges are often represented on LDR devices by cropping the dynamic range, cutting off the darkest and brightest details, or alternatively with an S conversion curve that compresses contrast progressively and more aggressively in the highlights and shadows while leaving the middle portions of the contrast range relatively unaffected.

An example of a rendering of an HDRI tone-mapped image in a New York City nighttime cityscape.

Tone mapping

Main article: Tone mapping

Tone mapping reduces the dynamic range, or contrast ratio, of the entire image, while retaining localized contrast (between neighboring pixels), tapping into research on how the human eye and visual cortex perceive a scene, trying to represent the whole dynamic range while retaining realistic color and contrast.

Images with too much tone mapping processing have their range over-compressed, creating a surreal low-dynamic-range rendering of a high-dynamic-range scene.

Comparison with traditional digital images

Information stored in high dynamic range images typically corresponds to the physical values of luminance or radiance that can be observed in the real world. This is different from traditional digital images, which represent colors that should appear on a monitor or a paper print. Therefore, HDR image formats are often called "scene-referred", in contrast to traditional digital images, which are "device-referred" or "output-referred". Furthermore, traditional images are usually encoded for the human visual system (maximizing the visual information stored in the fixed number of bits), which is usually called "gamma encoding" or "gamma correction". The values stored for HDR images are often gamma compressed (power law) or logarithmically encoded, or floating-point linear values, since fixed-point linear encodings are increasingly inefficient over higher dynamic ranges.

HDR images often use a higher number of bits per color channel than traditional images to represent many more colors over a much wider dynamic range. 16-bit ("half precision") or 32-bit floating point numbers are often used to represent HDR pixels. However, when the appropriate transfer function is used, HDR pixels for some applications can be represented with as few as 1012 bits for luminance and 8 bits for chrominance without introducing any visible quantization artifacts.

History of HDR photography

1850

The idea of using several exposures to fix a too-extreme range of luminance was pioneered as early as the 1850s by Gustave Le Gray to render seascapes showing both the sky and the sea. Such rendering was impossible at the time using standard techniques, the luminosity range being too extreme. Le Gray used one negative for the sky, and another one with a longer exposure for the sea, and combined the two in a single picture in positive.

1930

High dynamic range imaging was originally developed in the 1930s and 1940s by Charles Wyckoff. Wyckoff's detailed pictures of nuclear explosions appeared on the cover of Life magazine in the mid 1940s. Wyckoff implemented local neighborhood tone remapping to combine differently exposed film layers into one single image of greater dynamic range.

1980

The desirability of HDR has been recognized for decades, but its wider usage was, until quite recently, precluded by the limitations imposed by the available computer processing power. Probably the first practical application of HDRI was by the movie industry in late 1980s and, in 1985, Gregory Ward created the Radiance RGBE image file format which was the first (and still the most commonly used) HDR imaging file format.

Wyckoff's concept of neighborhood tone mapping was applied to video cameras by a group from the Technion in Israel led by Prof. Y.Y.Zeevi who filed for a patent on this concept in 1988. In 1993 the first commercial medical camera was introduced that performed real time capturing of multiple images with different exposures, and producing an HDR video image.

Modern HDR imaging uses a completely different approach, based on making a high-dynamic range luminance or light map using only global image operations (across the entire image), and then tone mapping this result. Global HDR was first introduced in 1993 resulting in a mathematical theory of differently exposed pictures of the same subject matter that was published in 1995 by Steve Mann and Rosalind Picard. In 1997 this global-HDR technique of combining several differently exposed images to produce a single HDR image was presented to the computer graphics community by Paul Debevec.

This method was developed to produce a high dynamic range image from a set of photographs taken with a range of exposures. With the rising popularity of digital cameras and easy-to-use desktop software, the term HDR is now popularly used to refer to this process. This composite technique is different from (and may be of lesser or greater quality than) the production of an image from a single exposure of a sensor that has a native high dynamic range. Tone mapping is also used to display HDR images on devices with a low native dynamic range, such as a computer screen.

1996

Steve Mann developed and patented the global-HDR method for producing digital images having extended dynamic range at the MIT Media Laboratory. Mann's method involved a two-step procedure: (1) generate a single floating point image array by global-only image operations (operations that affect all pixels identically, without regard to their local neighborhoods); and then (2) convert this image array, using local neighborhood processing (tone-remapping, etc.), into an HDR image. The image array generated by the first step of Mann's process is called a "lightspace image", "lightspace picture", or "radiance map". Another benefit of global-HDR imaging is that it provides access to the intermediate light or radiance map, which has been used for computer vision, and other image processing operations.

1997

In 1997 this technique of combining several differently exposed images to produce a single HDR image was presented to the public by Paul Debevec.

2005

A tone-mapped rendering of an HDR photo taken in Ithaca, New York

Photoshop CS2 introduced the Merge to HDR function.

In many ways, Photoshop CS2's HDR function is the holy grail of dynamic range. With properly shot and processed files it allows photographers to easily create images that were previously impossible, or at least very difficult to accomplish. But, good as it is, like a gun or nuclear power, it can be a force for evil as well as good.

Not every image needs to have 10-15 stops of dynamic range. In fact, most photographs look quite nice, thank you very much, with the 5-7 stops of dynamic range that we're used to. I fully expect to see some really silly if not downright ugly images in the months ahead, as photographers get their copies of Photoshop CS2 and start discovering what the HDR function is capable of.

But, as with all such tool [sic], in the hands of sensitive artists and competent craftsmen, I'm sure that we will start to be shown the world in new and exciting ways.

Michael Reichmann , Luminous Landscape

Video

Until recently there were no "pure" examples of HDR based cinematography, since the effects were most commonly used during composited sequences in films. However with the advent of low cost consumer digital cameras, many amateurs began posting tone mapped HDR timelapse videos on the Internet. In 2008 Mobius/Quark Films released "Silicon Valley Timelapse" which is said to feature almost 1.1 million frames of tone mapped HDR, making it the largest single source of tone mapped HDR footage available to date.[citation needed]

See also

Methods

High dynamic range rendering

Wide dynamic range

File Formats

Comparison of graphics file formats

Radiance RGBE image format, .hdr

OpenEXR, .exr

Logluv TIFF, .tiff

Unified Color BEF, .bef

scRGB colorspace

Software

See HDR (Software)

Radiance - HDR rendering software (free)

Hypershot - HDR rendering software

CinePaint - open source HDR image editing software, forked from GIMP in 1998

Unified Color HDR PhotoStudio an advanced HDR imaging software

Highlight headroom

Photomatix Pro (MacOSX, Win32; USD 99; free trial with watermark)

SilverFast HDR / HDR Studio 48 bit per pixel image processing software

Hugin - open source HDR merging and panorama stitching software (Linux, MacOSX, Unix, Windows; GPL-2+ free of cost)

Dynamic Photo HDR (MacOSX, Win32; USD 55; trial available)

References

^ Reinhard, Erik; Ward, Greg; Pattanaik, Sumanta; Debevec, Paul (2006). High dynamic range imaging: acquisition, display, and image-based lighting. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Morgan Kaufmann. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-12-585263-0. "Images that store a depiction of the scene in a range of intensities commensurate with the scene are what we call HDR, or 'radiance maps.' On the other hand, we call images suitable for display with current display technology LDR." 

^ Cohen, Jonathan and Tchou, Chris and Hawkins, Tim and Debevec, Paul E. (2001). Steven Jacob Gortler and Karol Myszkowski. ed. "Real-Time High Dynammic Range Texture Mapping". Proceedings of the 12th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering Techniques (Springer): 313320. ISBN 3-211-83709-4. 

^ Vassilios Vonikakis and Ioannis Andreadis (2008). "Fast Automatic Compensation of Under/Over-Exposured Image Regions". in Domingo Mery and Luis Rueda. Advances in image and video technology: Second pacific rim symposium, PSIVT 2007, Santiago, Chile, December 17-19, 2007. p. 510. ISBN 9783540771289. http://books.google.com/books?id=vkNfw8SsU3oC&pg=PA510&dq=hdr+sdr+"standard+dynamic+range"&ei=gqe6Svq0IZfGM7KehMYP#v=onepage&q=hdr sdr "standard dynamic range"&f=false. 

^ a b R. N. Clark. "Film versus Digital Summary". http://www.clarkvision.com/imagedetail/film.vs.digital.summary1/index.html. Retrieved 2010-02-28. 

^ "Auto Exposure Bracketing by camera model". http://hdr-photography.com/aeb.html. Retrieved 18 August 2009. 

^ "The Pentax K-7: The era of in-camera High Dynamic Range Imaging has arrived!". http://www.adorama.com/alc/blogarticle/11608. Retrieved 18 August 2009. 

^ R. N. Clark. "Procedures for Evaluating Digital Camera Sensor Noise, Dynamic Range, and Full Well Capacities; Canon 1D Mark II Analysis". http://www.clarkvision.com/imagedetail/evaluation-1d2/index.html. Retrieved 2009-08-21. 

^ Stanley Smith Stevens and Geraldine Stevens (1986). Psychophysics: Introduction to its Perceptual, Neural, and Social Prospects. Transaction Publishers. pp. 208209. ISBN 9780887386435. http://books.google.com/books?id=r5JOHlXX8bgC&pg=PA208&dq=eye+logarithmic+power-law&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=TSyOSqTWHIuWlQS2sZG5Bw#v=onepage&q=eye logarithmic power-law&f=false. 

^ Vernon B. Mountcastle (2005). The Sensory Hand: Neural Mechanisms of Somatic Sensation. Harvard University Press. pp. 1617. ISBN 9780674019744. http://books.google.com/books?id=WOmqKSheygYC&pg=PA17&dq=logarithmic+weber-fechner&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=9DKOSrTaHJCqkASHxZShBw#v=onepage&q=logarithmic weber-fechner&f=false. 

^ Leslie Stroebel and Richard D. Zakia (1995). The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography (3rd ed.). Focal Press. p. 465. ISBN 9780240514178. http://books.google.com/books?id=CU7-2ZLGFpYC&pg=PA465&dq=logarithmically+light+nearly&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=UjSOSouBEKWQkAT12-GmBw#v=onepage&q=logarithmically light nearly&f=false. 

^ a b Greg Ward, Anyhere Software. "High Dynamic Range Image Encodings". http://www.anyhere.com/gward/hdrenc/hdr_encodings.html. 

^ "The RADIANCE Picture File Format". http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/refer/Notes/picture_format.html. Retrieved 2009-08-21. 

^ Fernando, Randima (2004). "26.5 Linear Pixel Values". Gpu Gems. Boston: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0321228324. http://http.developer.nvidia.com/GPUGems/gpugems_ch26.html. 

^ Max Planck Institute for Computer Science. "Perception-motivated High Dynamic Range Video Encoding". http://www.mpi-sb.mpg.de/resources/hdrvideo/. 

^ J. Paul Getty Museum. Gustave Le Gray, Photographer. July 9 September 29, 2002. Retrieved September 14, 2008.

^ US patent application 5144442, Ginosar, R., Hilsenrath, O., Zeevi, Y., "Wide dynamic range camera", published 1992-09-01  

^ Technion - Israel Institute of Technology (1993). Adaptive Sensitivity. http://visl.technion.ac.il/research/isight/AS/. 

^ "Compositing Multiple Pictures of the Same Scene", by Steve Mann, in IS&T's 46th Annual Conference, Cambridge, Massachusetts, May 9-14, 1993

^ S. Mann and R. W. Picard. "On Being ndigital With Digital Cameras: Extending Dynamic Range By Combining Differently Exposed Pictures". http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/mann95being.html. 

^ a b US patent application 5828793, Steve Mann, "Method and apparatus for producing digital images having extended dynamic ranges", published 1998-10-27  

^ a b "Merge to HDR in Photoshop CS2". http://www.luminous-landscape.com/tutorials/hdr.shtml. Retrieved 2009-08-27. 

^ "CinePaint Frequently Asked Questions". http://www.cinepaint.org/faq.html. Retrieved 2009-08-31. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tone-mapped HDR images

HDR Images Creation 101

Luminance HDR/Qtpfsgui Open-source software to create HDR images

v  d  e

Alternative photography

Cross processing  Redscale  Lomography  Solarisation  Pinhole  Polaroid art  Bleach bypass  Multiple exposure  Fisheye   HDR   Infrared

v  d  e

Photography

Technical terms

Angle of view  Aperture  Circle of confusion  Color temperature  Depth of field  Depth of focus  Exposure  Exposure compensation  F-number  Film format  Film speed  Focal length  Hyperfocal distance  Metering mode  Perspective distortion  Photograph  Photographic printing  Photographic processes  Reciprocity  Red-eye effect  Science of photography  Shutter speed  Zone system

Genres

Aerial  Black and White  Commercial  Cloudscape  Documentary  Erotic  Fashion  Fine art  Forensic  Glamour  High speed  Landscape  Nature  Nude  Photojournalism  Pornography  Portrait  Post-mortem  Senior  Social documentary  Sports  Still life  Stock  Street  Vernacular  Underwater  Wedding  Wildlife

Techniques

Afocal photography  Bokeh  Contre-jour  Cross processing  Cyanotype  Film developing  Fill flash  Fireworks  Harris Shutter  Kite aerial  Macro  Multiple exposure  Night  Panoramic  Panning  Photogram (Kirlian)  Print toning  Rephotography  Rollout  Sabatier Effect  Stereoscopy  Stopping Down  Sun printing  Infrared  Ultraviolet  Time-lapse  Tilt-shift

Composition

Geometry and symmetry  Framing  Headroom  Lead room  Rule of thirds  Simplicity

Equipment

Camera (Pinhole  Rangefinder  SLR  Still  TLR  Toy  View)  Darkroom (Enlarger  Safelight)  Film (Base  Format  Holder  Stock)  Filter  Flash  Manufacturers  Movie projector  Photographic lens  Slide projector  Tripod  Zone plate

History

Autochrome Lumire  Calotype  Daguerreotype  Dufaycolor  Heliography  Timeline of photographic technology

Digital photography

Digital camera (D-SLR  Digital back)  Photo sharing  Digital and film compared  Image sensor (CMOS APS  CCD  Three-CCD  Foveon X3)  Pixel  Film scanner

Color photography

Color  Color management (Color space  Primary color  RGB  CMYK)  Color film (Print  Slide)

Photographic processing

C-41 process  Cross processing  Developer  Dye coupler  E-6 process  Fixer  Push processing   Stop bath   K-14 process

Other topics

Analog photography   Camera obscura  Digiscoping  Gelatin-silver process  Gum printing  Holography  Lomography  Photography and the law  Photography museums and galleries (category)  Print permanence  Vignetting  Visual arts

List of photographers  List of most expensive photographs  Portal  WikiProject

v  d  e

Display technology

Video

Current generation

Electroluminescent display (ELD)  Vacuum fluorescent display (VFD)  Light emitting diode (LED) display  Cathode ray tube (CRT)  Liquid crystal display (LCD) (TFT  LED backlight)  Plasma display panel (PDP)  3LCD  Digital Light Processing (DLP)  Liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS)

Next generation

Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) (roll-up display  Active-matrix  Phosphorous)  Surface-conduction electron-emitter display (SED)  Field emission display (FED)  Laser TV  Ferro Liquid display (FLD)  Interferometric modulator display (IMOD)  Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent (TDEL)  Nanocrystal display  Quantum dot display (QDLED)  Time-multiplexed optical shutter (TMOS)  Telescopic pixel display (TPD)  Liquid crystal lasers (LCL)  Laser Phosphor Display (LPD)

Non-video

Electromechanical (Flip-dot  Split-flap  Vane)  Electronic paper  Rollable  Eggcrate  Nixie tube

3D display

Stereoscopic  Autostereoscopic  Computer generated holography  Volumetric  Laser beam

Static media

Hologram  Movie projector  Neon sign  Rollsign  Slide projector  Transparency

Related articles

Display examples  Free-space display  Large-screen television technology  Optimum HDTV viewing distance  High dynamic range imaging (HDRI)

Comparison of display technology

Categories: HDR file formats | Computer graphics | Photographic techniques | 3D computer graphicsHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009
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Shopping online has at least given plus size women a few options when trying to find quality plus size clothing and plus size designer clothing to wear in an office or corporate position. The shops above all carry plus size clothing made exclusively for plus size women so you will not only look professional in perfectly fitting and stylish plus size career wear but it will also boost your confidence level and self esteem. When shopping online always check the clearance sale items first as you can often pick up a few bargains saving you as much as 80% off the retail prices. 

  

About the Author

Hi there

I enjoy reading and writing about a variety of subjects, at this point in time my writing has centred around my passion for shopping plus size clothing and fashion and the issues relating to women of plus size. Myself and many like me we would all like to see a positive change in the future in the way our society presently perceives the average womans 'body image" and size. Shop plus size dresses at plussize4you.

Over Grip Cover

2PCS Badminton Racket Elastic Towel Wrap Over Grip Cover Yellow $3.61 Description:Specially designed Badminton Over Grip enhances the playability of your racquet by absorbing shock and perspiration to give you excellent control and feel.This Racket Towel Grip is made of cotton and elastic.It is easy to use, just over it on the handle of your badminton racket.This Racket Grip Cover is washable and reusable.Each package contains 2 pieces of towel wraps.Color: Yellow.Flat Size (Each One): ~6"(L) x 1 1/2"(W)Total Weight: 11gPackage Included:2 x Racket Grip Wrap

Allison Leather Grip Steering Wheel Cover $14.99 LEATHER GRIP STEERING WHEEL COVER Allison leather grip steering wheel cover adds style and class to any vehicle Genuine Leather Tufted DesignProtects and covers your original steering wheel Slips easily over steering wheel for quick installation Provides a non-slip grip

Nonslip Towel Wrap Badminton Racket Over Grip Cover Black 2 PCS $4 Description:Nonslip Towel Wrap Badminton Racket Over Grip Cover Black 2 PCS.Specially designed Badminton Racket Over Grip enhances the playability of your racquet by absorbing shock and perspiration to give you excellent control and feel.This Racket Towel Wrap is made of cotton and elastic.It is easy to use, just over it on the handle of your badminton racket.This Racket Grip Black Cover is washable and reusable.Color: BlackFlat Size (Each One): ~6.1"(L) x 1.5"(W)Total Weight: 15gPackage Included:2 x Racket Grip Towel Cover

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2 PCS Badminton Racket Elastic Towel Wrap Over Grip Blue Cover $4 Description:2 PCS Badminton Racket Elastic Towel Wrap Over Grip Blue Cover.Specially designed Badminton Racket Over Grip enhances the playability of your racquet by absorbing shock and perspiration to give you excellent control and feel.This Racket Towel Cover is made of cotton and elastic.It is easy to use, just over it on the handle of your badminton racket.This Racket Grip Blue Cover is washable and reusable.Color: BlueFlat Size (Each One): ~6.1"(L) x 1.38"(W)Total Weight: 15gPackage Included:2 x Racket Grip Towel Wrap

Allison Reflective Grip Steering Wheel Cover $9.99 REFLECTIVE GRIP STEERING WHEEL COVER Adds style to your ride Real reflective stripes look great in day or night lightIdeal for protecting or covering original steering wheel Slips easily over steering wheel for quick installation Provides a non-slip grip

2 x Badminton Racket Handle Towel Wrap Over Grip Yellow Cover $4 Description:2 x Badminton Racket Handle Towel Wrap Over Grip Yellow Cover.Specially designed Badminton Racket Over Grip enhances the playability of your racquet by absorbing shock and perspiration to give you excellent control and feel.This Racket Towel Cover is made of cotton and elastic.It is easy to use, just over it on the handle of your badminton racket.This Racket Handle Yellow Cover is washable and reusable.Color: YellowFlat Size (Each One): ~6.1"(L) x 1.5"(W)Total Weight: 15gPackage Included:2 x Racket Handle Towel Wrap

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Brine 63 Chamois Over Grip $6.99 (Click On Image To Enlarge View) Features: Fits over your existing grip for ultimate feel and grasp Great for wet conditions or water based surface

Effective Methods To Grip A Golf Club

In order to be able to hit a golf ball correctly, you first have to know how to grip a golf club. Gripping the golf club correctly will allow you to hit the ball with more power and accuracy. Your grip with the club is your one and only connection between your body and the club. That's why it's very important to grip the club the right way.

One of the biggest reasons why many golfers can't get enough power on their swings is because they grip the club too much in the palm of their hands. You want to grip the club more with your fingers. That way you can get a hinge action when you hit through the ball. This action will create more power.

To get the proper grip on the golf club, hold the club out in front of you and place it in your top grip hand. The club should be at the bottom of your pinkie and then travel up at an angle until it is at the top joint of your index finger.

If you're right-handed your left hand will be your top or lead hand and if you are left-handed your right hand will be your lead hand.

Once you have your fingers properly placed on the club, next you want to wrap your thumb around the shaft and grip the club on the backside of the club's shaft. That is how to grip a golf club with your top hand.

Obviously the next step is you need to grip the golf club with your other hand. There are three basic grips you can choose to use: the 10 finger group, the interlocking grip, or the overlapping grip.

The 10 finger grip is very similar to how you would grip a baseball bat. Start with gripping the club with your lead hand (as discussed earlier). Then place your lower hand, also called the trailing hand, with the pinkie as close to the index finger of lead head as possible. Cover the thumb of your lead hand in the fist of your bottom hand.

The interlocking grip involves you actually locking the index finger of your lead hand with the pinkie of your bottom hand. Be sure to place your lead hand correctly on the club and also make sure you cover the thumb on your lead hand with the grip of your bottom hand.

The overlapping grip is similar to the interlocking grip. However, instead of locking fingers, you actually place the pinkie of your trailing hand between the index finger and middle finger of your lead hand. Once again, you want the thumb of your lead hand to be covered by the grip of your bottom hand.

Of all the three grips, the 10 finger grip is least preferred by golf instructors. However, it's often the easiest grip for beginners to use. The overlapping grip is the hardest golf grip but is the most popular among most of the golfing greats. The interlocking grip provides good support and allows people with smaller hands and weaker wrists to control the club better.

There are three basic ways how to grip a golf club with both hands but the lead hand should always be positioned in the same spot. Otherwise, no matter what type of grip you use and how great a swing you may have, your golf shots still won't be great.

About the Author

SwingingAGolfClub is an online portal with expert articles teaching you to improve on your golf swing. To learn more about useful methods to improve your golf skills, visit http://www.swingingagolfclub.com for free access.

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Seasons vary, and some flowers will last longer than others, depending on the temperature and moisture, but there is usually quite an overlap between all these plants, with the exception only of the late flowering Dutch crocuses. These flower with the early daffodils and tulips but will not usually last long enough to partner hyacinths and double early tulips, which will be in bloom slightly later and flower on into mid spring as well.

It is safer to plant these with grape hyacinths and anemone. A favorite partnership is pink hyacinth with the simple starry flowers of blue anemone, a combination that should flower well year after year. Violets, violas, pansies, double daisies, and primroses play their supportive roles in the early spring border. Among the prettiest sights now are groups of primroses and violets with clumps of early dwarf daffodils among them.

There is little to match the sheer delicacy with its white petals and pale yellow cup, seen above a fragrant bed of tiny white violets. A similar effect can be achieved with the other yellow and white bicolor daffodils, such as dainty under planted with the little white grape hyacinth. You might also like to try jack snipe, or the even smaller little beauty, planted with creamy white violas or wild primrose.

For strength and warmth of color, plant the brighter, more richly colored tulips and grape hyacinths among vibrant red, orange or blue polyanthus and primroses or amid the blues and purples of violas and pansies. Plan the borders in autumn and reap the rewards next spring. You can build on your successes, adapting them if needed each season by including, for example, a selection of different violas or primroses.

About the Author

Come visit the author latest websites on

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Rebel, Rebel skin for BlackBerry Tour 9630 (with camera) $14.99 Rebel, Rebel skin by Skinit.com. Fits BlackBerry Tour 9630 (with camera). View this and other covers, skins & case accessories at Skinit.

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Rebel $10 Rebel

The Rebel $30.32 The Rebel

Highland Rebel $6.99 Meet the irresistible Highland Rebel... He's music's hottest pop idol, a Celtic bad boy whose tradition-drenched rock rules the charts. But Ian MacGregor hails from 18th-century Scotland. And nothing can make him return except perhaps a certain blue-eyed lassie. Ellie Graham is his tour manager. But when she's swept back almost 300 years into the past and into treachery, only Ian-and his passion-can save her.

Canon EOS Rebel T3i / 600D $17.15 Now that you've bought the amazing Canon EOS Rebel T3i/600D, you need a book that goes beyond a tour of the camera's features to show you exactly how to use the Rebel to take great ...

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The Rebel Tours $20.16 In 1968, cricket was at the forefront of global opposition to apartheid as the Basil D'Oliveira affair proved a watershed in the sporting boycott against South Africa. Upon the fall of that government 22 years later, cricket was again highly praised; the newly-released Nelson Mandela was among many to attribute huge significance to the boycott in bringing an end to the apartheid regime. Yet in between the boycott was repeatedly breached. Teams from England, the West Indies, Australia (all twice), and Sri Lanka (once) toured South Africa in defiance of the sanctions, playing unofficial Tests' and one-day internationals' against home' teams to meet the voracious demand of a sports-hungry white populace. These rebel tours' constituted perhaps the largest crisis in cricket history. The ICC imposed three-year international bans on every rebel tourist, depriving the game of many distinguished performers. But the tours delighted their South African hosts. Despite the fevered controversy and heavy penalties, many players considered the rewards usually a year's salary, tax-free adequate compensation, and tours continued right up until the fall of apartheid: Mike Gatting was leading the second England tour at the time Mandela was released. And they were not alone as the UK remained among apartheid South Africa's most active economic trading partners. This episode in cricket history is rich in historical and contemporary significance, as well as exercising sport's political dimensions both positive and negative in a way not seen before or since. Yet until now it has scarcely been examined, due not only to the respectability of the tourists but also deep unease within the cricket world. Few players feel they have adequately explained their actions, while the sport at large was as it remains slow to examine its moral and political responsibilities.

Rebel, Sweetheart $7.94 The Wallflowers, particularly their leader, Jakob Dylan, can't catch a break. They're not only bound to be compared -- not entirely fairly but certainly understandably -- to Jakob's father, Bob, but an equally large burden is that they're a straight-ahead rock band in a time that doesn't value straight-ahead rock bands. They were able to ride the post-alternative wave to the top of the charts in the mid-'90s, when all guitar bands were lumped into a nebulous alt-rock scene, but just a few years later, in the aftermath of trip-hop, MTV Amp, and OK Computer, all big rock bands were expected to tackle the serious challenge of electronica, since that was the wave of the future and all. Didn't matter if they were groups as singularly unequipped to fuse loops and guitars as R.E.M. or Oasis -- they all made tentative attempts to reconcile classicist rock with futurist electronica. Not the Wallflowers. They stuck to their guns and made driving, songwriter-oriented rock & roll in the vein of Springsteen, Tom Petty, and John Mellencamp. This stubbornness served their music well, but it won them no new fans, either among critics or the general public, who criticized them for being what they are: a working rock band, pure and simple. On each record, they have variations on their signature sound, given a slightly different spin depending on what producers they work with, but that's what most rock bands, good or bad, do -- they make records and go on tour. This happened more in the '70s and '80s than in the '90s and 2000s, when dwindling audiences and corporatization kept bands off the road and out of the studio for long stretches of time, but the Wallflowers remain a rock band in the traditional sense, mining a similar vein on Rebel, Sweetheart, their fifth album, as they did on their first. While there are no musical surprises here, this is a better album than its predecessor, Red Letter Days, not just because it's a stronger, more varied set of songs, but because they finally have a perfectly matched producer in Brendan O'Brien. Like his recent productions for Bruce Springsteen, O'Brien helps focus and revitalize the Wallflowers, opening up the music through subtly textured overdubs but also giving the band a harder attack than they've ever had. Simply put, they've never sounded better as a band than they do here, and they've never had a record as robust and interesting on a pure sonic level as they do here. Not that Rebel, Sweetheart offers anything all that different from previous Wallflowers albums -- they just do what they do better than they have before. Ultimately, there's a certain comfort in knowing that the Wallflowers can deliver sturdy, engaging classicist rock like this, since it makes them different from other rock bands of their time in yet another way: they're reliable. ~ Stephen Thomas Erlewine, Rovi Performers: Brendan O'Brien - Vocals

Cuenca: a Spanish Colonial City in the Andes, Tours to Cuenca Ecuador

Cobbled streets, graceful ironwork balconies, flowering plazas and courtyards, and religious art treasures recall Cuenca's Colonial past. The stunning Andes landscapes, the blend of indigenous and Spanish peoples and cultures, the high artistic quality of local handcrafts and colorful markets are very Ecuadorian.

Saint Anne of the Four Rivers of Cuenca, is located in the valley of Guapondelig (plain as wide as the sky). At an altitude of 2,550 meters (7,650 feet) above sea level, Cuenca enjoys a mild climate and a fabulous geographic position. It's historic downtown area was declared a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site on December 1999, a fitting honor for Ecuador's most beautiful city.

On November 3 Cuenca celebrates the anniversary of its Independence. When the patriots of Cuenca, heard about the Independence of Guayaquil (October 9, 1820), they became enthusiastic to obtain their own independence. So, on November 2, 1820 a group of young patriots, led by Jose Tomas Ordoñez, got together with the occasion of All Souls Day, to avoid suspicions, and planned the overthrowing of the Spanish colonialist regime. The next day, while the Governor was in the main square, with his guards, the rebels attacked and disarmed the guards, proclaiming the Independence of Cuenca. The people of Cuenca backed the patriots and the church authorities intervened to prevent any bloodshed. Thus, Cuenca became independent.

Among Cuenca's special sights are the panoramic view from Turi Hill of the old and new cities, Plaza Calderon and its imposing blue-domed cathedral, overhanging wooden houses and brightly colored laundry on the Tomebamba River banks, the flower and straw markets, Museum of Religious Art in the 17th-century Immaculate Conception Monastery and the Todos Santos pre-Columbian ruins. Art galleries and handcrafts shops display the original Panama hat and local ceramics, ikat (tie-dye) weavings, jewelry, embroidery, leather and straw work.

Cuenca is also an ideal base for excursions to the Inca fortress ruins at Ingapirca, the Cajas National Park and the subtropical valleys of Gualaceo, Yunguilla and Paute.

For more information about Ecuador & Galapagos Cruises visit:

• Galapagos Islands Cruises
• Galapagos Cruises

About the Author

Eric Castro, chief editor of Posicionarte in Quito, Ecuador.